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Interpreting Hypocitraturia: An Etiology First Approach
As a nephrologist, I frequently see patients with kidney stones, and one finding that appears with striking regularity on metabolic evaluations is hypocitraturia, defined as urine citrate <320 mg/day. In large-scale urine studies, hypocitraturia is now the third most common metabolic abnormality in stone formers, surpassed only by high urine calcium (>250mg/day) and low urine volume (< 2 L/day), significant risk factors for kidney stone formation (1). Over the past two decade
Viresh Mohanlal, MD
Nov 11, 20254 min read
Rethinking Osteoporosis in Chronic Kidney Disease: Breaking Norms, Saving Bones (Part 1)
Chronic Kidney Disease—Mineral Bone Disease (CKD-MBD) encompasses a spectrum of skeletal, vascular, and mineral metabolism abnormalities,...
Viresh Mohanlal, MD
May 18, 20255 min read
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia vs Primary Hyperparathyroidism: Deciphering the Differences
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a relatively common disorder affecting 85 per 100,000 men, with three times higher prevalence in...
Viresh Mohanlal, MD
Jun 21, 20243 min read
Idiopathic Hypercalcemia: Looking Beyond the Obvious
Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is the most common cause of parathyroid mediated hypercalcemia (high normal or high PTH) while...
Viresh Mohanlal, MD
May 31, 20243 min read
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