One of the challenging cases in nephrology is managing a patient with severe hyponatremia, where each decision seems precarious. Overcorrecting sodium levels increases the risk of osmotic demyelination, while undercorrection leaves patients susceptible to complications. Nephrologists thread the needle carefully, focusing on avoiding overcorrection, typically aiming for a 24-hour correction rate below 6 to 8 mEq/L, or even lower at 4-6 mEq/L in patients with alcoholism, liver

As a nephrologist, I frequently see patients with kidney stones, and one finding that appears with striking regularity on metabolic evaluations is hypocitraturia, defined as urine citrate <320 mg/day. In large-scale urine studies, hypocitraturia is now the third most common metabolic abnormality in stone formers, surpassed only by high urine calcium (>250mg/day) and low urine volume (< 2 L/day), significant risk factors for kidney stone formation (1). Over the past two decade

Hyponatremia, a condition affecting 1 in 3 hospitalized adult patients, is a prevalent and significant electrolyte abnormality (1). It is...

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a relatively common disorder affecting 85 per 100,000 men, with three times higher prevalence in...